Historiografi Tarekat: Pengaruh Gerakan Tarekat Di Dunia Islam Dan Indonesia Serta Pembagian Aliran-Aliran Tarekat

Abstract

This article aims to analyze the historical development, influence, and classification of Sufi orders (Tarekat) in the Islamic world and Indonesia. Employing a qualitative method with a historical approach and library research, this study finds that the institutionalization of Tarekat emerged systematically around the 12th century AD as a response to the multidimensional decline of the Islamic world following the fall of the Abbasid Caliphate. Internally, this phenomenon was driven by the human psychological need for community and charismatic figures, while externally, it was triggered by political fragmentation and the Mongol invasion. The influence of Tarekat is dualistic: on one hand, it brings negative impacts such as the risk of excessive cult of personality (ghuluw) and social isolation; on the other hand, Tarekat provides significant positive contributions as the main agent of peaceful Islamic propagation (especially in the Nusantara), the formation of the pesantren education system, economic networks, and resistance against colonialism. In Indonesia, Tarekat successfully acculturated with local culture and strengthened the socio-religious structure of the sultanates. Based on scientific legitimacy and the clarity of silsilah (lineage) connected to the Prophet Muhammad SAW, Tarekat streams are classified into two: mu’tabaroh (legitimate) and ghairu mu’tabaroh (illegitimate). This understanding is crucial to maintaining the purity of Sufi practices that remain in line with Islamic Sharia.